Wordpress

• You only have to download the source code and extract it into the chosen folder, the web server must have permissions to write on it.
• You have to create a data base on the MySql server for Wordpress. When you access to it on the first time, the webpage will show you the installer; you will have to introduce the data.

• Root directory. The only useful file is wp-config.php.
• wp-content. Contain plugins, themes, and uploaded files.
  • wp-content/plugins. Plugins.
  • wp-content/themes. Installed themes.
  • wp-content/uploads. Uploaded media.
  • wp-content/mu-plugins. This directory doesn't exist unless you create it. Mu means must use. Any plugin you put here will be automatically run without needing to activate it.
• wp-admin. To manage the admin.
• wp-inludes. Core directory.

Core code files implement main Wordpress functions. /wp-includes/option.php, for example, contains functions for updating the site configuration, /wp-includes/pluggable.php and /wp-includes/ user.php contain function for updating users… Also exist /wp-includes/post.php, comments…

There is also the possibility to add more information to these elements (posts, users, comments…); to do that exists the concept of meta elements, which exists for other main elements in Wordpress.

• Plugins handbook
• Themes handbook

wp-content\themes contains several folders, each one is an installed theme. You can develop your theme there.
WordPress themes only require two files: index.php and style.css. They usually are made up of many files and can become quickly disorganized. Still Wordpress does not need any folder you also can add a js and a css folders, in its root you'll place the template main files. There's also another especial folder, page-templates, where you will put the custom page template files.

So, to develop a theme you will create a folder with the name of the theme. There you will add an index.php file and a style.css.

WordPress uses the query string (a sequence of codes in a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that a web page uses to determine what dynamic data to display) to decide which template or set of templates should be used to display the page.

1. From the query string Wordpress decides which page is being requested (search, category…).
2. Selects the template determined by the template hierarchy.
3. Looks for template files with specific names in the current theme’s directory and uses the first matching template file as specified by the hierarchy.

With the exception of the basic index.php template file, you can choose whether you want to implement a particular template file or not. If WordPress cannot find a template file with a matching name, it will skip to the next file in the hierarchy. If WordPress cannot find any matching template file, the theme’s index.php file will be used.

• Home Page (home.php | index.php). By default, WordPress sets your site’s home page to display your latest blog posts. This page is called the Blog Posts Index. The template file home.php is used to render the blog posts index, whether it is being used as the front page or on separate static page. If the home.php file does not exist, WordPress will use the index.php file. If the front-page.php file exists, it will override the home.php file.
• Front Page (font-page.php | home.php | page.php | index.php). The front-page.php template file is used to render your site’s Front Page, whether the front page displays the blog posts index or a static page.
• Single post (single-{post-type}.php | single.php | index.php). Template file used to render a single post.
• Page (custom template file | page-slug.php | page-id.php | index.php). The template file used to render a static page (page post-type).
• Category.
• Tags
• Custom taxonomies.
• Custom post types.
• Author display.
• Date.
• Search Result.
• 404 not found.
• Attachment.

To add some logic to the template. The difference between functions.php and plugin.

A WordPress plugin:

• Requires specific, unique header text
• Is stored in wp-content/plugins, usually in a subdirectory
• Only executes on page load when activated
• Applies to all themes
• Should have a single purpose, e.g., convert Posts to Pages, offer search engine optimization features, or help with backups

A functions file:

• Requires no unique header text
• Is stored in theme’s subdirectory in wp-content/themes
• Executes only when in the active theme’s directory
• Applies only to that theme. If the theme is changed, the functionality is lost can have numerous blocks of code used for many different purposes

In functions.php you can:

• Use WordPress hooks. For example, with the excerpt_length filter you can change your post excerpt length (from default of 55 words).
• Enable WordPress features with add_theme_support() to turn on post thumbnails, post formats, and navigation menus.
• Define functions you wish to reuse in multiple theme template files.

functions.php is loaded during theme setup, after any plugin files have loaded.

General uses for functions.php:

• Theme Setup
• Initial Setup
• Automatic Feed Links
• Navigation Menus
• Load Text Domain
• Post Thumbnails (to allow thumbnail images in posts)
• Post Formats
• Sidebars
• Custom header (to allow the user to use their own image)
• Custom background
• Add editor style
• Content width

This is an example of functions.php

You will need to register and enqueue the plugins and styles. To do it, you must add a callback function to the head or the wp_enqueue_scripts event. To add it:

add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'register_styles' );

Then, to register and enqueue:

function register_styles() {
	wp_register_style( 'my-plugin',  get_template_directory_uri() . '/css/my_style.css' );
	wp_enqueue_style( 'my-plugin' );
}

All of this code goes into the functions.php.

You also can use plugins_url()(for Plugins) and get_template_directory_uri() (for Themes) to get a proper URL.

In the same way you will use wp_register_script and wp_enqueue_style.

Special wordpress templates. They are only to change the look and feel of a page (not a post); they can be applied to a single page, a page section or a class of pages. page-about.php is a page template, more specific than page.php or index.php.

When a user requests a specific page, the core WordPress code decides which template to use for rendering that page. Template Hierarchy:

• Page Template — If the page has a custom template assigned, WordPress looks for that file and, if found, uses it.
• page-{slug}.php — Or else WordPress looks for and, if found, uses a specialized template named with the page’s slug.
• page-{id}.php — Or else WordPress looks for and, if found, uses a specialized template named with the page’s ID.
• page.php — Or else WordPress looks for and, if found, uses the theme’s default page template.

index.php — Or else WordPress uses the theme’s index file.

Name your template file so you can easily identify its template name, e.g., filename my-custom-page.php for the template name “My Custom Page.” Important! Do not use page- as a prefix, as WordPress will interpret the file as a specialized template, meant to apply to only one page on your site.

For example: Your About page has a slug of ‘about’ and an ID of 6. If your active theme’s folder has a file named page-about.php or page-6.php, then WordPress will automatically find and use that file to render the About page.

It's used to display posts according to your instructions given by template tags. The basic loop is (while there are posts, display the posts):

<?php if (have_posts()) : ?>
<?php while (have_posts()) : the_post(); ?>

The most simple index.php would be:

<?php
get_header();
if (have_posts()) :
   while (have_posts()) :
      the_post();
      the_content();
   endwhile;
endif;
get_sidebar();
get_footer();
?>

Other example:

<?php if ( have_posts() ) : while ( have_posts() ) : the_post(); ?>
<h2><?php the_title(); ?></h2>
 
    <?php the_post_thumbnail(); ?>
    <?php the_excerpt(); ?>
 
<?php endwhile; else: ?>
<?php _e('Sorry, no posts matched your criteria.'); ?>
<?php endif; ?>

• https://developer.wordpress.org/themes/basics/the-loop/#what-the-loop-can-display

• https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/classes/wp_query/

WP_Query is a class given by WordPress to be used in the loop. For example $wp_query→have_posts() is called to see if there are any posts to show. To obtain a post $wp_query→the_post() is called. Also can be used to filter posts:

<?php $my_query = new WP_Query( $args ); ?>
<?php while ($my_query->have_posts()) ? $my_query->the_post(); ?>
    // Do something
<?php endwhile; ?>

They are used o control which templates are loaded on a certain page. Also which parts:

• https://developer.wordpress.org/themes/basics/conditional-tags/

• wp_head(), put it before </head> and wordpress will add required code for plugins.
• get_footer() includes the footer.php template file. get_header() includes the header.php template file. get_sidebar() includes the sidebar.php. Customized versions of these files can be called as well by naming the file sidebar-{your_custom_template}.php… You can then call the get_* functions with the custom template name as the only parameter, like this: get_header( 'your_custom_template' );.
• get_template_directory_uri(); & get_stylesheet_directory_uri();
• Conditional functions: is_user_logged_in(), is_home(), is_front_page(), is_admin()…
• Other functions to ask the template
• bloginfo('name'); to obtain information about the blog. Possible parameters: name, description, charset.
• the_title();

 <head>
        <meta charset="<?php bloginfo( 'charset' ); ?>">
        <title><?php wp_title( '|', true, 'right' ); ?></title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="<?php echo esc_url( get_stylesheet_uri() ); ?>" type="text/css" />
<?php wp_head(); ?>
    </head>

You must indicate on the admin panel that the front page won't show the first post but content from a created page. Then…

<?php
/*
* Template Name: My Template
*/
get_header(); ?>
 
<div id="container">
    <div id="content" class="pageContent">
 
    <h1 class="entry-title"><?php the_title(); ?></h1> <!-- Page Title -->
    <?php
    // TO SHOW THE PAGE CONTENTS
    while ( have_posts() ) : the_post(); ?> <!--Because the_content() works only inside a WP Loop -->
        <div class="entry-content-page">
            <?php the_content(); ?> <!-- Page Content -->
        </div><!-- .entry-content-page -->
 
    <?php
    endwhile; //resetting the page loop
    wp_reset_query(); //resetting the page query
    ?>
 
    <?php
    // TO SHOW THE POST CONTENTS
    ?>                        
        <?php
        $my_query = new WP_Query( 'cat=1' ); // I used a category id 1 as an example
        ?>
        <?php if ( $my_query->have_posts() ) : ?>
        <div id="post-<?php the_ID(); ?>" <?php post_class(); ?>>
        <?php while ($my_query->have_posts()) : $my_query->the_post(); ?>
 
            <h1 class="entry-title"><?php the_title(); ?></h1> <!-- Queried Post Title -->
            <div class="entry-content">
                <?php the_excerpt(); ?> <!-- Queried Post Excerpts -->
            </div><!-- .entry-content -->
 
        <?php endwhile; //resetting the post loop ?>
 
        </div><!-- #post-<?php the_ID(); ?> -->
 
        <?php
        wp_reset_postdata(); //resetting the post query
        endif;
        ?>
 
    </div><!-- #content -->         
</div><!-- #container -->

Using the argument post_status=any and post_per_page=1:

$args = array(
              'post_type' => 'post',
              'orderby'   => 'title',
              'order'     => 'ASC',
              'post_status' => 'any',
              'posts_per_page' => -1,
            );
$my_query = new WP_Query($args);

<?php $the_query = new WP_Query( 'pagename=contact' ); ?>
<?php while ( $the_query->have_posts() ) : $the_query->the_post(); ?>
<h2><?php the_title(); ?></h2>
<?php the_content(); ?>
<?php endwhile; ?>
<?php wp_reset_postdata(); ?>

First you must obtain the ID of the front page, it's stored in the wp_options WP table, as option_name=page_on_front and option_value=ID of the page. So if you want to retrieve this value, just use get_option('page_on_front').

<?php $args = array(
	'child_of'     => get_option('page_on_front'),
	'post_type'    => 'page',
	'post_status'  => 'publish',
	'title_li'     => '', 
); ?>
<?php $children = wp_list_pages( $args ); ?>
<?php if ($children) : ?>
<ul>
<?php echo   $children; ?>
</ul>
<?php endif; ?>

• Post thumbnails
• Custom headers