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--- wiki2:linux_howto [2020/08/25 15:39]
alfred [Find lasts changes files in folder]
+++ wiki2:linux_howto [2022/05/09 09:41] (actual)
@@ Línea 1: / Línea 1: @@
 ====== Linux how tos ======
-===== Understand free output =====
+===== Find and prepare new hard-disks =====
-  * Free memory is the amount of memory which is currently not used for anything. This number should be small, because memory which is not used is simply wasted.
-  * Available memory is the amount of memory which is available for allocation to a new process or to existing processes.
-Available does include free and buff/cache columns. These (free and buff/cache) can be reused for current needs immediately.
+On modern udev installations, there are symbolic links to storage media in subdirectories of /dev/disk, that let you look up a disk or a partition by serial number (/dev/disk/by-id/), by UUID (/dev/disk/by-uuid), by filesystem label (/dev/disk/by-label/) or by hardware connectivity (/dev/disk/by-path/).
-===== How to enable root =====
-So, rirst execute in a terminal: ''sudo passwd root''. you will prompted for a new Unix password. Write it twice(second for confirmation). Then execute: ''sudo passwd -u root ''. to unlock the account.
-If you want to disable root account in Ubuntu you need to lock the root account by using the following command ''sudo passwd -l root''
+Linux also provides the lsblk utility which displays a nice tree view of the storage volume.
-===== Change kernel variables =====
+To prepare:
+<code>
+mkdir -p /mnt/vdb
+mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb
+mount /dev/vdb /mnt/vdb
+</code>
-Kernel variables are changed with ''sysctl''.
+===== Services =====
+==== List services ====
-Set a serie of variables:
 <code>
-sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
+pstree
-sysctl net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0
+service --status-all
-sysctl net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0
 </code>
+===== Navigate on files =====
-You can watch set variables currently in memory with ''sysctl -p''
-Or all of them with: ''sysctl -a''
+==== Find concrete files ====
-To make permanent those values write them at ''/etc/sysctl.conf''.
+=== Find lasts changes files in folder ===
+To find all files that file status was last changed N minutes ago: ''find -cmin -N''.
+For example: ''find -cmin -5''
+=== Find those files that contain "X" ===
-===== Detect which process is using which ports =====
-All open network connections:
 <code>
-sudo netstat -nlp
+grep -rnw '/path/to/somewhere/' -e 'pattern'
 </code>
+  * -r or -R is recursive,
+  * -n is line number, and
+  * -w stands for match the whole word.
+  * -l (lower-case L) can be added to just give the file name of matching files.
+Others:
+  * -i for ignore the case
-List of processes using tcp port 43796:
 <code>
-lsof -i tcp:43796
+grep -Ril "text-to-find-here" /
-# or
-lsof -i :9200
+# This will only search through those files which have .c or .h extensions:
+grep --include=\*.{c,h} -rnw '/path/to/somewhere/' -e "pattern"
+# This will exclude searching all the files ending with .o extension:
+grep --exclude=\*.o -rnw '/path/to/somewhere/' -e "pattern"
+# This will exclude the dirs dir1/, dir2/ and all of them matching *.dst/:
+grep --exclude-dir={dir1,dir2,*.dst} -rnw '/path/to/somewhere/' -e "pattern"
 </code>
+=== Find those files that contain "X" and "Y" ===
-List of pids using tcp port 43796:
 <code>
-sudo fuser 43796/tcp
+# Being X = "'pending': False,"
+# Being Y = "'program_id': 'sps_lease'"
+grep -rl '.' -e "'pending': False," | xargs grep -l -e "'program_id': 'sps_lease'"
 </code>
-===== Know info about the system =====
-''cat /etc/*-release'' will give you info about the Linux distribution version.
+=== Search only in some files with extension... ===
-''uname -r'' will give you info about the kernel.
+<code>
+grep -rn '/home/alfred/Workspaces' --include \*.py --include \*.pyc -e 'bcrypt'
+</code>
-''uname -a'' will give you info about the Unix system.
+===== Environment variables =====
-===== Create an iso from a folder =====
+Puedes definirlas en el ''.profile'' para toda la sesión o en el ''.bashrc''. Una definicións será:
 <code>
-genisoimage -o ~/backup.iso -V BACKUP -R -J ~/Documents
+export PRUEVAR=PRUEBA
 </code>
-===== Graphic tablet =====
-To see all registered inputs:
+Luego para usarla:
 <code>
-xinput
+echo ${USER}
+ls /home/${USER}
 </code>
-To map a xinput with a display (''xrandr'' will give you the display id):
+Para borrarla:
 <code>
- xinput map-to-output <registered input id> <display id>
+unset PRUEVAR
- xinput map-to-output 22 HDMI-1-1
 </code>
-===== Copy and paste from console =====
+Otra forma:
-With the ''xclip'' command, adding these lines to ''.bashrc'' file:
 <code>
-alias pbcopy='xclip -selection clipboard'
+set NAME=Value
-alias pbpaste='xclip -selection clipboard -o'
+setenv NAME=Value
 </code>
-You can do the next:
+Para usarla para un comando:
 <code>
-echo "Welcome To OSTechNix!" | pbcopy
+export PGPASSWORD=mysecretpassword && psql -h 127.0.0.1 -U postgres
-echo `pbpaste`
-pbcopy < /etc/resolv.conf
 </code>
-===== Generate random string =====
-<code>
-# Allow "tr" to process non-utf8 byte sequences
-export LC_CTYPE=C
-# read random bytes and keep only alphanumerics
+Puedes ejecutar un comando con variables de entorno temporales:
-< /dev/urandom tr -dc A-Za-z0-9 | head -c32
+<code>
+env NAME=Value echo $NAME
+</code>
+Por ejemplo un ''a.sh'' que podrías ejecutar como ''env PT=123 PP=33 ./a.sh''
+<code>
+echo $PT
+echo $PP
 </code>
-===== Install Java =====
+''printenv'' es otro comando que permite mostrar el valor de una variable de entorno.
 <code>
-sudo apt-get install python-software-properties
+printenv WATCHEXEC_META_CHANGED_PATH
-sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
-sudo apt-get update
-sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer
 </code>
-If you want to check:
+''env'' también te sirve para listar las variables de entorno definidas en esta sesión.
-<code>
-sudo update-alternatives --config java
-</code>
 ===== How to create a ram disk =====
@@ Línea 133: / Línea 148: @@
  !! And choose java in ram !! !! Finish !! !! Make it permanant on startup !! Edit /etc/fstab add line: /home/nancom/jdk6.sqsh /media/ramdisk squashfs ro,defaults,loop 0 0
-===== Environment variables =====
-Puedes definirlas en el ''.profile'' para toda la sesión o en el ''.bashrc''. Una definicións será:
+===== MessageBox =====
+==== Yes and no questions ====
 <code>
-export PRUEVAR=PRUEBA
+if zenity --question --text="What do you choose?"; then
+    zenity --info --text="You pressed \"Yes\"!"
+else
+    zenity --info --text="You pressed \"No\"!"
+fi
 </code>
-Luego para usarla:
+===== <fast> How to's... ====
+==== Understand free output =====
+  * Free memory is the amount of memory which is currently not used for anything. This number should be small, because memory which is not used is simply wasted.
+  * Available memory is the amount of memory which is available for allocation to a new process or to existing processes.
+Available does include free and buff/cache columns. These (free and buff/cache) can be reused for current needs immediately.
+==== How to enable root ====
+So, rirst execute in a terminal: ''sudo passwd root''. you will prompted for a new Unix password. Write it twice(second for confirmation). Then execute: ''sudo passwd -u root ''. to unlock the account.
+If you want to disable root account in Ubuntu you need to lock the root account by using the following command ''sudo passwd -l root''
+==== Change kernel variables ====
+Kernel variables are changed with ''sysctl''.
+Set a serie of variables:
 <code>
-echo ${USER}
+sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
-ls /home/${USER}
+sysctl net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0
+sysctl net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0
 </code>
-Para borrarla:
+You can watch set variables currently in memory with ''sysctl -p''
+Or all of them with: ''sysctl -a''
+To make permanent those values write them at ''/etc/sysctl.conf''.
+==== Detect which process is using which ports ====
+All open network connections:
 <code>
-unset PRUEVAR
+sudo netstat -nlp
 </code>
-Otra forma:
+List of processes using tcp port 43796:
 <code>
-set NAME=Value
+lsof -i tcp:43796
-setenv NAME=Value
+# or
+lsof -i :9200
 </code>
-Para usarla para un comando:
+List of pids using tcp port 43796:
 <code>
-export PGPASSWORD=mysecretpassword && psql -h 127.0.0.1 -U postgres
+sudo fuser 43796/tcp
 </code>
+==== Know info about the system ====
-Puedes ejecutar un comando con variables de entorno temporales:
+''cat /etc/*-release'' will give you info about the Linux distribution version.
+''uname -r'' will give you info about the kernel.
+''uname -a'' will give you info about the Unix system.
+==== Create an iso from a folder ====
 <code>
-env NAME=Value echo $NAME
+genisoimage -o ~/backup.iso -V BACKUP -R -J ~/Documents
 </code>
-Por ejemplo un ''a.sh'' que podrías ejecutar como ''env PT=123 PP=33 ./a.sh''
+==== Copy and paste from console ====
+With the ''xclip'' command, adding these lines to ''.bashrc'' file:
 <code>
-echo $PT
+alias pbcopy='xclip -selection clipboard'
-echo $PP
+alias pbpaste='xclip -selection clipboard -o'
 </code>
-''printenv'' es otro comando que permite mostrar el valor de una variable de entorno.
+You can do the next:
 <code>
-printenv WATCHEXEC_META_CHANGED_PATH
+echo "Welcome To OSTechNix!" | pbcopy
+echo `pbpaste`
+pbcopy < /etc/resolv.conf
 </code>
+==== Generate random string ====
+<code>
+# Allow "tr" to process non-utf8 byte sequences
+export LC_CTYPE=C
-''env'' también te sirve para listar las variables de entorno definidas en esta sesión.
+# read random bytes and keep only alphanumerics
-===== Work in background =====
+< /dev/urandom tr -dc A-Za-z0-9 | head -c32
+</code>
+==== Install Java ====
+<code>
+sudo apt-get install python-software-properties
+sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
+sudo apt-get update
+sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer
+</code>
+If you want to check:
+<code>
+sudo update-alternatives --config java
+</code>
+==== Work in background ====
 Run in background: ''$ command &''
@@ Línea 193: / Línea 273: @@
 Cortar la ejecución de un programa en background: ''kill %<número>''
-===== Sudo =====
 ==== Disable sudo password for a user ====
 ''sudo visudo'', add this line at the end (change “jerome” to your username): ''jerome ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL''
-===== Boot process =====
+==== Boot process ====
 <code>
 /var/log/boot.log  ---  System boot log
@@ Línea 203: / Línea 283: @@
 $ dmesg | grep -i memory
 </code>
-===== Define a proxy =====
+==== Define a proxy ====
 System-wide proxies in CLI Ubuntu/Server must be set as environment variables.
@@ Línea 228: / Línea 308: @@
 Finally, logout and reboot to make sure the changes take effect.
-===== Know active IPs on a network =====
+==== Know active IPs on a network ====
 <code>
 nmap -sP 192.168.1.*
@@ Línea 235: / Línea 315: @@
 will scan the entire .1 to .254 range
-===== Linux console shortcuts =====
+==== Linux console shortcuts ====
 Just to summarise all the answers
@@ Línea 249: / Línea 329: @@
 Toggle between the start of line and current cursor position: Ctrl + XX \\
-===== Linux redirection =====
+==== Linux redirection ====
 Redirect stderr to another file:
 <code>
@@ Línea 263: / Línea 343: @@
 </code>
-===== Change timezone =====
+==== Change timezone ====
 You can see it with ''timedatectl''.
 <code>
@@ Línea 285: / Línea 365: @@
 </code>
-===== List USB devices =====
-To detect your USB device, in a terminal, you can try:
-<code>
-lsusb , example:
-$ lsusb
-Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
-Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
-Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
-Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
-Bus 005 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
-Bus 001 Device 002: ID 046d:0809 Logitech, Inc. Webcam Pro 9000
-Bus 003 Device 002: ID 046d:c016 Logitech, Inc. Optical Wheel Mouse
-</code>
-or this powerful tool, lsinput , 1st install it, and then try it, it lists all input devices including your USB device :
-<code>
-$ sudo apt-get install input-utils
-$ lsinput
-/dev/input/event0
-...
-/dev/input/event1
-...
-/dev/input/event2
-...
-/dev/input/event3
-bustype : BUS_USB
-vendor  : 0x46d
-product : 0xc016
-version : 272
-name    : "Logitech Optical USB Mouse"
-phys    : "usb-0000:00:1d.1-2/input0"
-uniq    : ""
-bits ev : EV_SYN EV_KEY EV_REL EV_MSC
-</code>
-udevadm , with this command line, you need to unplug the device before using the command and then plug it to see it:
-<code>
-$ udevadm monitor --udev
-monitor will print the received events for:
-UDEV - the event which udev sends out after rule processing
-UDEV  [1915.787445] add      /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.3/usb5/5-2 (usb)
-UDEV  [1915.796226] add      /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.3/usb5/5-2/5-2:1.0 (usb)
-</code>
-===== Grub =====
-==== Modificar opciones de inicio ====
+==== Grub: Modificar opciones de inicio ====
 . Editar el fichero ''/etc/default/grub''
 . Modificar la línea de linux: ''GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi=off"''
@@ Línea 340: / Línea 373: @@
-===== Install mono =====
+==== Install mono ====
 <code>
 $ sudo apt-get install mono-complete
 </code>
-===== <fast> How to's... =====
 ==== Run several commands at once  ====
@@ Línea 384: / Línea 417: @@
 sudo mount 10.10.10.10:/volume1/sir-vices ./data
 </code>
+==== Update system Certificate Authority ====
+<code>
+sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates -y
+sudo update-ca-certificates
+</code>
 ===== Notes about Mint =====

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